The History of the Port of Corpus Christi: 1926-2001
Originally written by M. Harvey Weil in April 1986 and updated by the Port Staff in January 1998
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Port aerial photo enlarge photo History of the Port
In speaking of the spitfire pilots who saved England from a Nazi invasion during the 1940 Battle of Britain, Winston Churchill said, "Never have so many owed so much to so few".

That statement can be applied to the Port Commissioners who, in the 75 years since the first Commission was appointed in 1923, have served the Port of Corpus Christi. During this period of time there have been only 23 Commissioners appointed.

Initially, under the applicable law, there were only three Navigation Commissioners. They were appointed each two years by the "Navigation Board", a joint meeting of the Nueces County Commissioners Court and the City Council of the City of Corpus Christi. In 1973, by a special act of the Legislature, the number of Commissioners was increased to five; all appointed each two years by the "Navigation Board" as before. Another special act of the Legislature in 1983 increased the number to seven. Of the seven, four are appointed by the Commissioners Court and three by the City Council. Appointments are for staggered three-year terms, with one to be appointed by each government body every year and the County to appoint two each third year.

Port aerial photoenlarge photoAll Port Commissioners have served without pay and, over the years, except for $5,300,00 in bonds paid through ad valorem taxes for certain improvements, the Port has acquired and owns many millions of dollars of Port facilities. In 1985 a bond issue of $25,000,000 was approved for Navy Homeport facilities. Except for the "Homeport" tax bonds, all other tax bonds have been paid many years ago.

Although the statutes under which the Navigation District was organized and operates authorizes the voters to authorize a tax for operating the Port and for maintaining its facilities and although many Ports have such a tax, the citizens of Nueces County have never asked for such authorization. Except for tax bonds issued to construct facilities as above mentioned, the Port has been self-supporting.

Said another way, Nueces County Navigation District No. 1 (now the Port of Corpus Christi Authority of Nueces County, Texas) is unique in Texas political history, not only because of the relatively few in number of the Port Commissioners who have served over the 75 years of its life but because it has been self-supporting from its inception. The District has never had a tax for operations. It owns over 21,000 acres of land, of which approximately 16,000 acres is submerged land, 8 cargo docks an 11 oil docks worth millions of dollars, and, except for the Homeport bonds, has only issued $5,300,000 in tax bonds.

Port aerial photoenlarge photoChurchill's statement about the Spitfire pilots may also be applied to the management of the Port.

During the 70 years since the Port was opened, there have been only six persons to serve as its principal manager, six to serve as its Engineer (and one of these, Colonel Adams, at the same time served as Port Director), six to serve as its Harbormaster, four to serve as its outside counsel, and four to serve as its Internal Auditor and Finance Director (the first of the auditors, a gentleman who served for more than forty years, was John Barnes, father of former Nueces County Judge, Robert N. Barnes).

The Port has benefited greatly from the continuity of management which it has had. Undoubtedly one of the principal reasons for the success of the Port has been the continuity of its management - the Commissioners appointed by the Commissioners Court and City Council - the Port Directors, Engineers and Harbormasters employed by the Navigation Commissioners - and the attorneys in outside firms appointed as general counsel. The continuity in these positions has afforded the Port the benefit of past experience in the areas which are most important - overall management, engineering and legal matters.


loading pictureenlarge photoThe Beginnings
In 1920, after local leaders had shown the need, the citizens of Nueces County were able to get the Congress of the United States to authorize the Corps of Engineers to study the feasibility of the creation of a deep water port through the Aransas Pass, that is, the jetties at Port Aransas. The study included the possibility of locating the Port at Rockport, Aransas Pass, Port Aransas and at Corpus Christi. Of the four possible locations, Corpus Christi was selected. There were sound reasons for such selection.

In 1916 and again in 1918, devastating hurricanes had struck the area. Port Aransas, Rockport and Aransas Pass were low and had been heavily inundated with storm tides. Also, the latter two were served by only one railroad, the S.A.&A.P. (Subsequently known as the Southern Pacific). Port Aransas had no railroad.

On the other hand, Corpus Christi, with its bluff of 39 to 40 feet (which is the highest point on tidewater between Veracruz and Miami) was served by three railroads which included the Texas Mexican Railway, The S.A.U.&G. (Subsequently known as the Union Pacific) and the S.A.&AP Railroads.

The recommendation as to the location originated in the Galveston office of the Corps of Engineers but had to go to Washington through channels. It was to be made by the District Engineer who at the time was Major L. M. Adams. He later was promoted to Colonel and, upon retirement, became Port Director at the Port of Corpus Christi. He served in that capacity for 17 years from 1930 until 1947.

The study to pick the site was made in the summer and fall of 1921. Roy Miller, who has since been hailed as a port builder, was the Major. In the fall of 1921, he was the first to learn of Major Adams' recommendation. Mr. Richard King told the story this way:

enlarge photo"Roy came to me and asked if I could arrange a hunt at the King Ranch. I called Bob Kleberg and the hunt was arranged."

"The three of us drove to the ranch. It was an extremely hot day in December. Major Adams, the perfect Army officer at all times, came in uniform. We drove around most of the day but it was extremely hot and no bucks were sighted. Late in the afternoon, the ranch hand who was driving the car told me, in Spanish, that because it was so hot all the animals were up in the brush and that the only way to get a deer was to walk into the brush."

"I relayed this information to Colonel Adams who without hesitancy an even though in uniform (necktie, jacket and all) went with the ranch hand into the brush."

"Roy and I waited in the car. After a substantial period of time we heard a shot. After another waiting period, out of the brush came Major Adams and the ranch hand dragging a nice buck. Major Adams' neat uniform was askew. He had a slight thorn tear in his jacket but was grinning from ear to ear.

"We were staying in the bedrooms at the front on the second floor at Santa Gertrudis, that is, the 'Big House'. Roy came to me and asked if I could arrange for a bottle of whiskey. I did this. Roy took it with him into Major Adams' room.

"Two or three drinks later Roy came out of the room, came to my room, knocked on the door, opened it and said, "We've got it!"

As a result of the recommendation, a petition was circulated among taxpayers, signed and presented to the Nueces County Commissioners Court requesting that an election be called to create a navigation district to be known as Nueces County Navigation District No. 1. The District was to encompass all of Nueces County; that is, its boundaries were to be coextensive with Nueces County. The petition also requested that the Commissioners Court call an election to authorize the issuance of $1,000,000 in tax bonds.

On November 13, 1922, following an election held on October 31, 1922, the Commissioners Court counted the votes and entered its order creating the Navigation District. The Port of Corpus Christi was born.

From the date the Navigation District was created in 1922 to 1981, the name of the District was Nueces County Navigation District No. 1, and the Commissioners were designated as Navigation and Canal Commissioners. They served on the Board of Navigation and Canal Commissioners. On May 20, 1981, a special act of the Legislature became effective, changing the name of the District to Port of Corpus Christi Authority of Nueces County, Texas, the name of the Commissioners simply to "Port Commissioners".

In 1923, the U.S. Congress had authorized the Corps of Engineers to construct a channel 25 feet in depth with 200 foot bottom width, from the Gulf through the jetties at Port Aransas to a point on the shoreline on Corpus Christi Bay at the mouth of a shallow bayou. Channel dredging commenced in January 1925. It was completed in January 1926. The cost to the United States was $1,800,261.00.

Proceeds from the sale of the $1,000,000 of bonds authorized when the District was created were used to acquire land, to dredge the turning basin and to construct the first docks. As the entrance channel cut a small two-lane vehicle bridge over the bayou and the S.A.&AP (later Southern Pacific) railroad trestle over the bayou, the City of Corpus Christi participated by constructing the Bascule Bridge. Commencing in 1932, the Navigation District took over the expense of operation and ordinary maintenance of the bridge until it was removed in 1960.

Cotton balesOn September 14-15, 1926, there was an official "statewide" celebration of the opening of the Port. At that time the three Navigation Commissioners were Robert Driscoll, Chairman; John W. Kellam of Robstown; and W.W. Jones.

In the early days of the Port, cotton was king. Nueces County and surrounding counties were among the State's leaders in cotton production. The first business at the Port was on Port-owned land which was franchised or leased for a cotton compress to the Aransas Compress Company. It was located adjacent to and just behind Cargo Docks 1 and 2.

Near the end of cotton season ships loading cotton (and also lead from the Mexican smelters at Monterrey) were often docked two abreast. There were four cargo docks when the Port opened. The use of the Port from its opening was so great that after only two years, in 1928, the Port went to the people with an issue of an additional $1,500,000 in bonds to build two more cargo docks.

In 1930, the channel was deepened to 30 foot depth conditioned that the Navigation District provide a maneuvering basin inside the breakwater (for maneuvering through the narrow Bascule Bridge). The District provided the basin at its cost.

In 1930, the first major industry came to Corpus Christi. It was a subsidiary of Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co. called Southern Alkali Corporation. A location at Avery Point about a mile and a half west of the turning basin was chosen as the plant site. The company indicated that it needed deep water. The Board of Navigation and Canal Commissioners agreed to provide the mile and a half channel extension at its own cost. It is referred to as the "Industrial Canal" and was completed in 1933. As it was during the days of the "great depression", in order to do the dredging the Commissioners borrowed from the Public Works Administration and issued revenue notes to pay the debt.

The original turning basin was surrounded by a continuous levee to protect it from the flooding on the Nueces River. The extension to Avery Point to provide for Southern Alkali would require like protection. It was at this time and to meet this need that an idea was conceived which has been very beneficial to the development of the Port. To carry out the idea, a bill was introduced in the Legislature through W. E. Pope, who was Corpus Christi's sole representative, authorizing the Commissioners of the General Land Office to sell submerged lands and flats to navigation districts for $1.00 per acre. This bill was adopted in 1930. Promptly thereafter the Navigation District applied for and obtained a patent on a strip of land extending from the shoreline of the land it owned at the turning basin in the original harbor westward to the Tule Lake area for which a channel had long been planned. The land applied for and obtained was only that amount which was reasonably needed to provide for the channel and dredged material disposal.

With the Navigation District owning the submerged land, representatives of the Port were able to approach owners of the land along the shore between the turning basin and Avery Point and work out cross-conveyances adjusting and straightening boundaries. The boundaries were fixed at a "bulkhead line" which was delineated by the Navigation District as a point beyond which no structures could be built. As the landowners were to be cut off from water with their riparian or littoral rights impeded, the transaction involved a conveyance by the District to the landowner of all submerged land between the bulkhead line. The conveyances were subject to a covenant or condition running with the land to the effect that the landowner would apply to the Navigation District for a franchise to construct any dock or bulkhead, which would be granted by the Navigation District on the same terms it granted others, and that for any shipments of cargo across the bulkhead line the owner would pay to the Navigation District one-half of the District's then current published tariff wharfage charge for such cargo.

Because the District owned the submerged land, the deposit of dredged material to provide for the levees on the north side of the channel resulted in emergent or filled land which is owned by the District. Such land has become the source of substantial revenues from leases and also as sites for additional wharves and docks. The Port's own grain elevator is on such land.

Although the Commissioners of the General Land Office took the position that all a navigation district had to do was to apply for submerged land and show that it was a navigation district to be entitled to a patent, Nueces County Navigation District No. 1 never applied for any land other than that which was reasonably needed for its channels and dredged material levees.

loading pictureenlarge photoIn the early 1930's, large oil fields were discovered in San Patricio, Nueces Counties and neighboring counties. In fact, at one time it was estimated that there were 3,760 wells in 89 fields, within a radius of 125 miles from the Port. The need for shipment of this oil caused the Navigation District to get into the construction of oil docks.

Refineries began to locate along the Port. The Taylor Refining Company was the first in 1934. Oil docks were constructed on the dredged material levee on the north of the Industrial Canal and also at the Avery Point Turning Basin. Private oil docks were also constructed at the refineries along the Industrial Canal under the cross-conveyances which entitled the Navigation district to receive one-half of the published tariff wharfage from the private docks. From the mid-1930's, the major portion of the tonnage moved through the Port shifted from cotton to petroleum and petroleum products.

In 1947, Corn Products approached the Navigation District with a proposal that it would acquire land and announce the construction of the Corn Products Refining Company plant at its location approximately three miles westward of Avery Point, provided a barge depth channel was dredged to the site. This was agreed upon and the Navigation District, with its own funds, constructed a channel which was 18 feet in depth and 125 feet in width, the same as the Intracoastal Canal. It was on the alignment of the deep channel which had been planned to Tule Lake. This required the acquisition from the State of another small track of submerged land as the channel was swung northward a bit to get around the existing District's oil docks at the Avery Point Turning Basin. The commitment to Corn Products was for a channel equivalent to the Intracoastal Canal, that is, 12 foot depth with 125 foot bottom width. To obtain sufficient material for the protective levee, the channel was dredged to a depth of about 18 feet.

In 1947, the Coastal Bend area had become known for its grain sorghum production. This is why Corn Products Refining Company located its plant in Corpus Christi, that is, to make sugar, syrups and starch from sorghum grains.

Farmers in the area were being paid a price for their grain based on the price at an export elevator, the nearest of which were in Galveston and Houston. This resulted in the price to the area farmers being reduced by the freight cost to Houston or Galveston. This was a substantial differential and there was need for an elevator at Corpus Christi. In order that no one grain company might control the export shipments through its own elevator, there was need for the elevator to be publicly owned. The Port was approached to provide it.

Grain elevator photoThe Port engaged a bond consultant, M. E. Allison, of San Antonio, to ascertain if an export-type elevator could be constructed and financed solely from revenues produced by the grain elevator itself. Mr. Allison went to Chicago, where the grain trade was known, and was advised to employ a Chicago engineering firm to make a study. That firm's study indicated that the Port should have a grain elevator with 2,000,000 bushel capacity, that the Port should be able to handle annually through the elevator two or more times its capacity, that is, at least 4,000,000 bushels per year, and that based on the estimated cost of a 2,000,000 bushel elevator and 4,000,000 bushels of shipments, $3,250,000 in bonds payable solely from earnings of the elevator would pay out. Based upon these estimates, an order was given to an engineering firm to draw plans and specifications. Between the time the order for the plans and specifications was given and the time the plans and specifications were completed, the Korean conflict had begun. It was in mid-year 1950. Bids for the 2,000,000 bushel elevator were taken late that year. As a result of tremendously escalating costs resulting from the Korean conflict, the cost of the same elevator was up almost $1,000,000 over the estimates.

Grain elevator photoAs the commitment for the revenue bonds was in an amount on the earlier estimate of costs, additional funds had to be provided. To provide such funds, the Port issued $750,000 in bonds to be paid from its general revenues and put an additional $390,000 in cash.

The grain elevator was extremely successful. Constructed in 1952 and opened in 1953, by 1959 it needed enlargement. An additional $1,300,000 of revenue bonds, again to be paid solely from the elevator's earnings, were issued. Its success continued and in 1961, again to enlarge the elevator, an additional $1,600,000 of revenue bonds to be paid solely from the elevator's earnings were issued.

All the grain elevator revenue bonds were redeemed and canceled from its earnings prior to their maturity.

On July 27, 1968, during an early morning thunderstorm when the grain elevator was not working, there was an explosion at the elevator. Lightning struck a bank of transformers on the street alongside the headhouse. It appeared that the thunder clap from lightning blast shook the headhouse, creating a cloud of grain dust inside which was ignited by sparks from shorts in the electrical circuits. The resulting explosion damaged only the headhouse. The only person inside the elevator at the time was a night watchman who, unfortunately, later died from his burns. The grain elevator was repaired and back in operation in 1969.

On April 7, 1981, in the afternoon when the elevator was working, there was another explosion at the elevator which resulted in extensive damage and several deaths and injuries. Various theories as to the cause resulted in much litigation. The reconstruction was completed in 1983 and the elevator was dedicated as the William E. Carl Terminal.

In 1951, Reynolds Metal Company announced its intention to construct an aluminum reduction plant on the north side of Corpus Christi Bay at La Quinta. Its plan was to dredge, at its expense, a channel straight into the plant site from the ship channel. Such a route was the least expensive because it was through the deep water until it neared the shoreline. As this would not develop other plant sites along the north shore of the bay, the Navigation District negotiated an agreement with Reynolds that the District would pay the difference between the cost of digging the channel Reynolds had planned and the cost of a channel through Ingleside Peninsula and along the shoreline to a turning basin to be constructed at La Quinta. This, of course, would go through shallow water all the way and was more expensive. The additional cost was $475,000. As the Navigation District would not issue general revenue bonds, having issued the $750,000 of extra bonds for the grain elevator shortly before that date, the District submitted a $475,000 tax bond issue to the citizens of Nueces County. The citizens approved it.

Again, the Navigation District applied for and obtained a patent to the submerged land extending about 2,500 feet from the shore along the shoreline past La Quinta to a point near the causeway. It went beyond La Quinta because it was anticipated that there might be industry to the west of La Quinta or that the channel might go into Nueces Bay. This land provided the levee which protects the channel.

Dredging waterwayIn 1930, only four years after the Port opened, the ship channel from the Gulf to Corpus Christi and the turning basin was deepened from 25 feet to 30 feet. It was again deepened to 32 feet in 1936 to and including the turning basin. These deepenings were Federal projects. The District with its own funds deepened it to 32 feet for the 1-1/2 miles to Southern Alkali and the Avery Turning Basin.

Authorization for the extension of the channel to the Tule Lake had been obtained in 1938. The Federal Government finally completed the dredging of it in 1958.

In 1939, the main turning basin was extended 1/2 miles to the westward. In 1952, the channel across the bay was widened form 200 to 400 feet. In order to protect the channel across the bay when the government widened it, the Navigation District applied for and obtained a patent extending 2500 feet on either side of the centerline of the channel, extending from the City of Corpus Christi's patent in Corpus Christi Bay (at a point just outside the breakwater) to a point off Cline's Point at Port Aransas, narrowing, of course, at places where the centerline was nearer than 2,500 feet from the shore.

Port of Corpus Christi ship channel Thereafter, in 1958, Suntide Refining Company, which was located west of the Tule Lake Basin and had pipelines extending to the oil docks of the District at Avery Point approached the District for extension of the channel through lands of the Driscoll Foundation with the construction of a turning basin at Viola and District-owned oil docks there. Based upon a contract with Suntide to pay a designated minimum amount of wharfage for products moving over the docks, the Navigation District issued revenue bonds, payable solely from the wharfage paid by Suntide, sufficient to dredge the channel and the turning basin and build the docks which was completed in 1959. Although the bonds were issued for a term of 20 years, they had accrued sufficient revenues that they were redeemed and canceled as of January 1, 1978. All of the land along this channel is subject to agreements to pay half wharfage.

In 1970, Hurricane Celia badly damaged the Aransas Compress which was a private compress located at the Port of Corpus Christi. As earlier noted, it was the first facility built at the Port after it opened. As a result of the damage, the owners planned to shut it down unless it could be sold. The District determined that it needed a public compress rather than have the compress shut down. In 1971, the Navigation District issued $1,200,000 in revenue bonds, to be paid solely from earnings of the compress, to purchase and put the compress in operation.

Again, in 1980, another $1,750,000 of similar revenue bonds were issued to enlarge and extend the facility which is now called the Corpus Christi Public Compress. All of the bonds from these two issues were purchased by banks in Corpus Christi and other cities in Nueces County. The banks recognized the need for the facility and evidenced confidence in the District.

Although the Compress was owned by the District, the provisions of the bonds require (as the grain elevator bonds did when they were outstanding and unpaid) that the management would be vested in a Board of Trustees of businessmen. The compress was operated by a Board of Trustees until 1996 when all of its debt was paid off and its operational control reverted to the Port Commission.

There is always a long period of time between the Federal authorization of a project and its accomplishment. To illustrate, the dredging of the 34 foot deep channel and Tule Lake Turning Basin was authorized in 1938 by House Document No. 574. The channel was dredged and completed in 1958. This lag time was also true of the authorization to deepen the channel to 45 feet from the Gulf to Viola. This project was finally completed in 1989 and gave Corpus Christi the deepest waterway of any port on the Gulf of Mexico at that time. The authorization was approved by Congress in 1968. Finally, in 1973, dredging was started on the first section extending from the Gulf to the Ingleside cutoff to La Quinta. In 1975, dredging was commenced to get 45 foot depth to La Quinta. In 1978, dredging was started to extend the depth from La Quinta to a point about one mile outside the breakwater at Corpus Christi. Thereafter there was a substantial delay as a result of environmental concerns but, in 1985, dredging was commenced on the Inner Harbor and completed four years later.

Port bridge photoNo history of the Port would be complete without some detail of the Bascule Bridge and the removal of the "Bascule Bridge Bottleneck". When the Port was constructed in 1925, there was a small bayou at the entrance which was crossed by a two-lane highway bridge and the railroad bridge of the S.A & AP Railway (Southern Pacific).

To permit the passage of large ships, a Bascule bridge was erected which had about 100 feet of horizontal width and 14 feet of vertical height above the water. This was adequate to handle the ships which were in use at that time. Fenders and timbers to protect the structures on the inside reduced it to about 98 feet in horizontal width. Of course, the bridge was "OPENED" when a ship approached.

By the 1950's the volume of both ship and vehicular traffic had increased to such extent that there was an urgent need to break the "Bascule Bridge Bottleneck". A substantial portions of the raising of the bridge and the resultant stopping of vehicular and rail traffic was because of tugboats and other small craft entering the harbor. Elevating the bridge to approximately 50 feet would have corrected this. However, it still would not have provided, as was needed, an unobstructed way for ship, rail and vehicle movements. The Area Development Committee worked on this. The problem was finally solved, first with a plan to dig a tunnel and then later the Highway Department agreed to build the high bridge. The railroads were rerouted with the Southern Pacific using the Union Pacific's tracks from Sinton into a joint yard with the Texas Mexican Railroad on State Highway No. 44, near the airport. Also, part of the plan was the construction of the Upper Harbor Lift Bridge, a high lift bridge with two vehicle lanes and one railroad track. Belt line railway service is needed to serve port industries on the north side of the channel. The Interchange Yard is on Navigation District land on the north side of the channel near the lift bridge. This is on land which, prior to being filled, was submerged land patented by the State.

Port of Corpus Christi aerial photoAgain, a history of the Port should also mention that the Port itself is served by the belt line railroad around the Port properties.

The track is owned by the Navigation District but is operated by the three operating railroads, each of whom take turns in operating the switching through a Terminal Association. The District participates in the Terminal Association to some extent.

In 1985, the Port of Corpus Christi was designated as a Foreign Trade Zone and in 1986, the agreements were entered into with the first two Users. The Ports Foreign Trade Zone has sub-zones which include portions of the facilities of most of the refineries near the Port of Corpus Christi.

In 1985, the various seaports along the Gulf were competing for designation as the Homeport for the Navy's battle action group to be stationed in the Gulf. The Port Authority submitted to the citizens of Nueces County and they approved an issue of $25,000,000 in ad valorem tax bonds to provide land and facilities for the Homeport Project should the area be so designated. The State of Texas also authorized an expenditure of $25,000,000 from certain of its finds to be used for such a project if it was designated to be in Texas. Of the several sites suggested to the Navy, a site on the channel at Ingleside was selected and designated.

The late 80s and early 90s brought a new effort to the Port of Corpus Christi . . . DIVERSIFICATION.

Berkshire Cold StorageThe diversification effort's aim was to enhance the economic foundation of the Port by attracting new cargoes, including: steel products, project cargoes, refrigerated cargoes, military equipment cargo, cruise ships, forest products, automobiles, containers, and more. In late 2000, two of the port's diversification efforts became a reality. Renovations to the Southside and Northside General Cargo Terminals made the Port of Corpus Christi an ideal location to handle a diverse array of cargoes.

On the Northside of the Channel, the Port constructed a 100,000 square foot refrigerated warehouse that is operated by Berkshire Cold Storage of Chicago at a cost of $11 million. Together, the Port and Berkshire target the import/export markets in Latin America, Mexico, United States, Europe, Africa, and Russia.


Ortiz CenterOn the Southside of the Channel, the Port also invested $6 million to renovate Cargo Dock 1 and 2 into a multi-purpose cruise terminal/ meeting & banquet facility. This facility named in honor of Congressman Solomon P. Ortiz for his continued support of the port and its efforts, is capable of accommodating numerous events and meetings. Ultimately, this facility will be used for passengers embarking/ disembarking on cruise ships to destinations in Mexico and Caribbean.

Over the last decade and into the 21st Century, the Port has seen success in handling these types of cargoes and continues to work to make these cargoes a permanent part of the Port's business.

 

Copyright 2001 The Port of Corpus Christi. Designed by Morehead Dotts & Associates.